That looks like a voltage regulator on your power supply module. Also looks suspiciously like the full AC line voltage did that. I suspect it's well beyond repair.If your PC plugs into the sub and the satellite speaker wires come out of the sub, not really worth messing with. I suspect the amplifier that feeds the satellites also blew out, along with the voltage regulator and a few other parts. Just be happy you didn't get a fire.
Unless you can find the same brand and model sub, I doubt they would be compatible. They mostly use their own type terminals and connectors, so not easy to match at times.
I'd just pick up a set of cheap powered PC speakers until you can find a decent sound setup. I use my surround amp for my PCs audio, so I gave up on computer speakers. But you can find some for a decent price online with a sub if you check around.
I would also take a closer look at your surge protector. They generally use a MOV device that self destructs on a surge or short. Most have indicator lights that turn red if the MOV blows. The bad news is most of them keep working, but with no protection.![]()